RESOURCES

Andragogy

• Hiemstra, R. (1990). Moving from pedagogy to andragogy. In R. Hiemstra & B. Sisco Individualizing Instruction. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Available:
  http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/andraggy.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web page).
• Imel, S. (1989). Teaching Adults: Is it Different?, Available:
  http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed305495.html (ERIC Digest web site).
• Imel, S. (1994). Guidelines for Working with Adult Learners, Available:
  http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed377313.html (ERIC Digest web site).
• Knowles, M. (1975) Self-Directed Learning. A Guide for Learners and Teachers, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
• Knowles, M. (1980) The Modern Practice of Adult Education. Andragogy Versus Pedagogy, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
• Knowles, M. and Associates (1984) Andragogy in Action. Applying Modern Principles of Adult Education, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
• Knowles, M. (1990). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (4th ed.) Houston: Gulf Publishing.
• Merriam, S. (2001). Andragogy and self-directed learning: Pillars of adult learning theory. In S. Merriam (Ed.), The New Update on Adult Learning Theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 2-13.
• Monts, R. (2000). Andragogy or Pedagogy: A Discussion of Instructional Methodology for Adult Learners. Available:
  http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/scienceed/
  jinks/ci538/papers/monts.htm (Illinois State University web site).
• St. Clair, R. (2002). Andragogy Revisited: Theory for the 21st Century? Available:
  http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=mr&ID=109 (ERIC Myths and Realities web site).
• Taylor, K., Marienau, C. and Fiddler, M. (2000). Developing Adult Learners: Strategies for Teachers and Trainers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
• Tennant, M. An evaluation of Knowles's theory of adult learning, International Journal of Lifelong Education. 5(2), pp. 113-122.
• An Introduction to Andragogy and Pedagogy . Available:
  http://www.learnativity.com/andragogy.html (Learnativity.com web site).

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Authentic Learning

• Cooper, J. (1997). Literacy, Literature, and Learning for Life. Available:
  http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/res/literacy.html (Houghton Mifflin Education Place web site).
• Jacobson, E,. Degener, S. & Purcell-Gates, V. (2003). Creating Authentic Materials and Activities for the Adult Literacy Classroom. Available:
  http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu/teach/jacobson.pdf (National Centre for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy web site).
• Muschla G. & Mushla, J. (1997). Hands-On Math Projects with Real Life Applications: Ready-to-Use Lessons and Materials for Grades 6-12. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Purcell-Gates, V. (2002). Authentic literacy in class yields increase in literacy practices. Literacy Update, 11 (7) 1-9. Available:
  http://ed-web3.educ.msu.edu/reports/
  ed-researchrep/03/march_03_1.htm (Michigan State University, College of Education web site).
• The Toolbox for ESL Tutors.
  Available: http://www.frontiercollege.ca/english/public/
  online/Toolbox/contents.htm (Frontier College web site)
• Providing Hands-On, Minds-On, and Authentic Learning Experiences in Mathematics. Available:
  http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/
  content/cntareas/math/ma300.htm (NCREL web site).
• Authentic Learning. Available:
  http://www-personal.umich.edu/
  ~tmarra/authenticity/authen.html (University of Michigan web site under T. Marra’s home page).

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Characteristics of Adult Learners

• Ball, C. (1996). Working with adult learners. In Demystifying Adult Literacy for Volunteer Tutors. Available: http://www.nald.ca/clr/demyst/chapter5.htm (NALD web site).
• Brookfield, S. (1995). Adult learning: An overview. Available: http://www.nl.edu/ace/Resources/
  Documents/AdultLearning.html (National-Louis University web site).
• Cromley, J. (2000). Learning to Think: Learning to Learn. Available: http://www.ed.gov/about/ordering.jsp (National Institute for Literacy, US Department of Education).
• Kerka, S. (2002). Teaching Adults: Is It Different? Available: http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=mr&id=111 (ERIC Myths and Realities web site).
• Knowles, M. (1980). The Modern Practice of Adult Education; From Pedagogy to Andragogy. Cambridge, NY: The Adult Education Company.
• Merriam, S. (2001). Andragogy and self-directed learning: Pillars of adult learning theory. In S. Merriam (Ed.), The New Update on Adult Learning Theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 2-13.
• Zemke, R. & Semke, S. (March 1984), Thirty things we know for sure about adult learners. Innovation Abstracts, Vol VI(8). Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-3.htm (Honolulu Community College web site).
• Principles of Adult Learning. Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-1.htm (Honolulu Community College web site).
• Adult Characteristics. Available: http://www-ed.fnal.gov/
  lincon/staff_adult.shtml (LInC Online web site).
• Characteristics of Adult Learning. Available: http://www2.edc.org/NTP/bakersdozen.htm (National Training Partnership web site).
  

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Change

• Hohn, M. ( 1998) Why is change so hard? Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1998/hohn.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Hohn, M. (1998). Organizational Development and Its Implications for Adult Basic Education Programs. Available: http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu/ann_rev/vol2_7.html (NCSALL web site under “Annual Review of Adult Learning and Literacy).
• Imel, S. (2002). Change: Connections to adult learning and education. ERIC Digest No. 221. Available: http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=digests&ID=106 (ERIC/ACVE web site).
• King, J. Facilitating Inquiry-Based Staff Development. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1998/king.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Levine, S. (d/unk.). Change is Constant (Every Once in Awhile). Available: http://www.anrecs.msu.edu/extension/oct96.htm (Michigan State University Extension web site).
• Richardson, V. (1998) How teachers change. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1998/richards.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Stern, H. (1998). Dinosaurs and Upstarts: Organizational Change at CASA Latina. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1998/stern.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
  

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Content Areas

• General Content (Core Curriculum) – The “Adult Literacy Core Curriculum” web site at http://www.dfes.gov.uk/curriculum_literacy/
• Specialized Content - Search the National Adult Literacy Database web site under Learning Materials (http://library.nald.ca/learning) or Full Text Document collection (http://library.nald.ca/research) for specialized content including family literacy, GED materials, Aboriginal materials, workplace literacy, life skills literacy, and so on.

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Contextualized Learning

• Brown, J., Collins, A. & Duguid, P. (1993). Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning. Available: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/ilt/papers/JohnBrown.html
• Imel, S. (2000). Contextual Learning in Adult Education. Available: http://ericacve.org/docgen.asp?tbl=pab&ID=102 (ERIC/ACVE web site).
• What is Contexualized Learning? Available: http://literacy.kent.edu/~nebraska/curric/ttim1/art5.html (Nebraska Institute for the Study of Adult Literacy web site).
• How Can Teachers Begin to Use Contextualized Learning? Available: http://ncrve.berkeley.edu/CenterPoint/CP8/CP8-How.html (University of California, Berkeley web site).
• Contextual Learning Resources. Available: http://www.cord.org/lev3.cfm/146 (“CORD” web site).

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Critical Reflection

• Brookfield, S. (1988). Developing critically reflective practitioners: A rationale for training educators of adults.In Training Educators of Adults: The Theory and Practice of Graduate Adult Education, S. Brookfield (ed). New York: Routledge.
• Brookfield, S. (1995). Becoming a Critically Reflective Teacher. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Dick, B. (2002) Questions for Critical Reflection. Available:
  http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/reflques.html (Action Research Resources web site).
• Herod, L. (2003). Promoting reflective discourse in the Canadian adult literacy community: Asynchronous discussion forums. New Horizons in Adult Education, Vol 17(1). Available: http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html.
• Imel, S. (1998). Teaching Critical Reflection. Available: http://ericacve.org/docs/tia00071.pdf (ERIC Trends and Issues web site).
• Stein, D. (d/unk). Teaching Critical Reflection. Available: http://www.inspiredliving.com/business/reflection.htm (Inspired Living web site)
• Strategies for critical reflection: Available: http://www.une.edu.au/tlc/alo/critical4.htm (University of New England web site under “academic Literacy” for bachelor of education students)

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Critical Thinking

• Brockett, R. & Hiemstra, R. (1990). Self-Direction in Adult Learning: Perspectives on Theory, Research, and Practice. Available: http://www-distance.syr.edu/sdlindex.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Brockett, R. (1994). Resistance to self-direction in adult learning: Myths and misunderstandings. In Brockett & Hiemstra (Eds.), Overcoming Resistance to Self-Direction in Adult Learning. Available: http://www-distance.syr.edu/ndacesdch1.html. (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Brookfield, S. (1989). Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Cromley, J. (2000). Learning to Think: Learning to Learn. National Institute for Literacy, US Department of Education. Available: http://www.ed.gov/about/ordering.jsp (search “Cromley”).
• "Deep Learning:" A Critical Thinking Resource. Available: http://www.fcs.utah.edu/faculty/herrin/deep_learning.html (University of Utah under Don Herrin’s home page).
• Articles on Critical Thinking. Available: http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ewts/cwp/lib/thkgbib.html (Indiana University web site).

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Curriculum

• Caffarella, R. & Knowles, M. (2001). Planning Programs for Adult Learners: A Practical Guide for Educators, Trainers, and Staff Developers. John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Jacobson, E,. Degener, S. & Purcell-Gates, V. (2003). Creating Authentic Materials and Activities for the Adult Literacy Classroom. Available: http://ncsall.gse.harvard.edu/teach/jacobson.pdf
• Lake, K. (1994). Integrated Curriculum: Available: http://www.nwrel.org/scpd/sirs/8/c016.html (Northwest Regional Educational Laboratory web site).
• Miller, J. & Seller, W. (1990). Curriculum Perspectives and Practice. Toronto, ON: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd.
• Tyler, R. (1990). Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction. University of Chicago Press.
• Applied and Integrated Curriculum. Available: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/
  issues/envrnmnt/stw/sw1lk72.htm (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory web site). Using Learner Themes - http://cie.ci.swt.edu/newteacher/section3-17.htm (Texas State University web site under “The New Teacher Project”)
  

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Experiential Learning

• Beisenherz, P. & Dantonio. (1996). Using the Learning Cycle to Teach Physical Science: A Hands-On Approach for the Middle Grades. Heinemann.
• Conner, M. (d/unk). Learning from Experience. Available: http://agelesslearner.com/backg/experiential.html (Learnativity.com web site).
• Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing. Available: http://www.chelt.ac.uk/gdn/gibbs/index.htm (The Geography Discipline Network, University of Gloucestershire).
• Hurley, S. & Blake, S. (d/unk). Animals and Occupations: Why Theme-based Curricula Work. Available: http://www.earlychildhood.com/Articles/index.cfm?
  FuseAction=Article&A=112&CFID=668614&CFTOKEN=16278881 (earlychildhood.com web site)
• Kolb, D. (1984). Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
• Sleigh, J. (d/unk). Experiential Learning is Much More Than Playing Games. Available: http://www.johnsleigh.com.au/GreatGames.htm (John Sleigh’s Training resources web site).
• Torraco, R. (d/unk). Experiential Learning Model. Available: http://tc.unl.edu/edad/torraco/hrd/
  pdf/session4/Torraco.pdf (University of Nebraska “Foundations of HRD” web site
• Schugurensky, D. (d/ukn). Questions and Answers on Adult Education. Available: http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/
  ~daniel_schugurensky/faqs/qa8.html (web site for Prof D. Schugurensky, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education).
• Foundations of Experiential Education (1997). Available: http://www.nsee.org/found.htm (National Society for Experiential Education web site).
• Learning by Doing: A Guide to Teaching and Learning Methods. Available: http://www.chelt.ac.uk/gdn/gibbs/index.htm (The Geography Discipline Network web site

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Ethics

• Ball, C. (1996). Tutor code of ethics. In C. Ball, Demystifying Adult Literacy for Volunteer Tutors. Available: http://www.nald.ca/clr/demyst/demyst.htm#table (NALD web site).
• Brockett, R. (Ed.), Ethical Issues in Adult Education. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
• Siegel, I. (2000). Toward developing a universal code of ethics for adult educators. PAACE Journal of Lifelong Learning, 9, pp. 39-64.
• Van Beers, E. (2001). Personal Code of Ethics: A Living Document. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/edcode.html (E. Van Beer’s web site).
• Codes of Ethics Online. Available: http://www.iit.edu/departments/csep/PublicWWW/codes/ (Centre for the Study of Ethics in the Professions web site).

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Inclusive Learning Environments

• Ballara, M. (d/ukn). Gender Approach to Adult Literacy and Basic Education. Available: http://www.literacyonline.org/products/
  ili/webdocs/ilproc/ilprocmb.htm (Literacy Online web site).
• Davis, B.(1999). Diversity and Complexity in the Classroom: Considerations of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender. Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/diverse.htm (Honolulu Community College web site).
• Green, A. Making it Work: A Curriculum Resource for Women-centered Programs. Available: http://members.aol.com/ansongreen/makingitwork.htm (Anson Green’s web site).
• Hassett, M. (2000). What’s It Like to Be Different? Available: http://www.sabes.org/resources/
  fieldnotes/vol10/f01diff.htm (Massachusetts Department of Education SABES web site).
• Imel, S. (1995). Inclusive Adult Learning Environments. Available: http://ericacve.org/docs/adt-lrng.htm (ERIC/ACVE web site).
• Imel, S. (1998). Race and Gender in Adult Education. Available: http://www.ericacve.org/docs/race-gen.htm (ERIC/ACVE web site).
• Jessup, L. (d/ukn). Barriers to Youth in Acquiring Literacy Assistance. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/pat/Barrieers/covr.htm (NALD web site).
• Reisenberger, A. & Dadzie, S. (2002). Equality and Diversity in Adult and Community Learning: A Guide for Managers. Available: http://www.lsda.org.uk/files/pdf/A1181.pdf (Learning and Skills Development Agency web site).
• Sabourin, B. (2002). Aboriginal Literacy:Creating Ideas - Supporting Opportunities. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/resflrn/cover.htm (NALD web site).
• Shore, S., Black, A., Simpson, A., and Coombe, M. (1993). Positively Different: Guidance for Developing Inclusive Adult Literacy, Language, and Numeracy Curricula. Canberra, Australia: Department of Employment, Education, and Training, (ED No. 371 112).
• Rural Literacy Articles and Resources. Available: http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~rcled/
  publications/literacy/literacy.html (Rural Clearinghouse for Lifelong Education and Development web site).
• Limited Literacy Skills. Available: http://www.contentbank.org/tools/
  limliteracy_main.asp?section_id=924 (The “Content Bank” web site)
• On The Margins: Creating Opportunities for Learning with Computer Technology for Homeless People. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/Margins/table1.htm (NALD web site).
• ABLE for the Adult Deaf Learner. Available: http://literacy.kent.edu/Oasis/deaf/ (Ohio Literacy Resource Centre web site).

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Intellectual Development

• Bloom, B. (Ed.) (1956) Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals: Handbook I, Cognitive Domain. Toronto: Longmans, Green.
• Perry, William G., Jr. (1970), Forms of Intellectual and Ethical Development in the College Years: A Scheme. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
• Perry, William G., Jr. (1981), Cognitive and ethical growth: The making of meaning. In A. Chickering and Associates, The Modern American College. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 76-116.
• Activities and Corresponding Bloom's Level. Available: http://www.dal.ca/~oidt/bloomact.html (Dalhousie University web site under Office of Instructional Development and Technology)
• Correspondence between the Evaluation Instruments and Bloom’s Taxonomic Levels: Available: http://www.dal.ca/~oidt/design.html (Dalhousie University web site under Office of Instructional Development and Technology)
• Major Categories in the Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Available: http://faculty.washington.edu/
  krumme/guides/bloom.html (University of Washington web site).
• Types of Questions Based on Bloom's Taxonomy: Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/questype.htm (Honolulu Community College web site).
• College Student Intellectual Development. Available: http://www.csubak.edu/tlc/perrystheory.html (Faculty of Teaching and Learning, California State University web site).

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Learner-centredness

• Brockett, R. & Hiemstra, R. (1990). Self-Direction in Adult Learning: Perspectives on Theory, Research, and Practice. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/sdilch6.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Daloz, L. (1988). The story of Gladys who refused to grow: A morality tale for mentors. Lifelong Learning: An Omnibus of Practice and Research, 11(4), pp. 4-7.
• Gregory, G. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn't Fit All. Corwin Press Inc
• Hiemstra, R. & Brockett, R. (1994). From behaviourism to humanism. In H. Long & Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.
• Lacefield, R. (d/ukn). On Being a Transformative Educator. Available: http://members.tripod.com/~Roberta/transform.htm.
• Magro, K. (2002). Exploring Teaching Roles and Responsibilities in Adult Literacy Education: Do Teachers See Themselves as Transformative Educators? Available: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/CASAE/
  cnf2002/2002_Papers/magro2002w.pdf
• St. Clair, R. (2002). Andragogy Revisited. Available: http://ericacve.org/docs/mr00034.pdf (ERIC Myths and Realities web site).
• Tight, M. (1999). Mythologies of Adult/Continuing/Lifelong Education. Available: http://www.leeds.ac.uk/educol/documents/000001021.htm (University of Leeds Education-line web site).

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Learning

• Brookfield, S. Adult learning: An overview. In A. Tuinjman (ed.) (1995). International Encyclopaedia of Education. Oxford, Pergamon Press. Available: http://www.nl.edu/ace/Resources/
  Documents/AdultLearning.html (National-Louis University web site).
• Cromley, J. (2000). Learning to Think: Learning to Learn. Available: http://www.ed.gov/about/ordering.jsp (National Institute for Literacy, US Department of Education web site).
• Rhem, J. (1995). Deep/Surface Approaches to Learning: An Introduction. Available: http://www.c2t2.ca/colloquium/resources-frameset.html (Pacific Northwest Learning Colloquium web site).
• Smith, M. K. (1999) 'Learning theory', the encyclopedia of informal education, www.infed.org/biblio/b-learn.htm,
• Twigg, C. (1994). The Changing Definition of Learning. Available: http://www.educause.edu/pub/er/
  review/reviewArticles/29422.html (Educom Review web site).
• A New Definition of Learning. Available: http://www.ncrel.org/sdrs/areas/issues/
  content/cntareas/science/sc4anew.htm (North Central Regional Educational Laboratory)
• Surface, Deep and Strategic Learning. Available: http://www2.rgu.ac.uk/subj/
  eds/pgcert/how/how5a.htm (Robert Gordon University web site, Aberdeen, UK).
• "Deep Learning:" A Critical Thinking Resource. Available: http://www.fcs.utah.edu/faculty/
  herrin/deep_learning.html (University of Utah under Don Herrin’s home page).

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Learning Styles

• Blackmore, J. (1996). Learning Styles. Available: http://www.cyg.net/~jblackmo/diglib/styl.html (“Cyg.net” web site).
• Briggs-Myers, I., & McCaulley, M. (1992). A Guide to the Development and Use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
• Gregorc, A. (1985). Inside Styles beyond the Basics. Columbia, CT: Gregorc Associates.
• Keirsey, D., & Bates, M. (1984). Please Understand Me. Del Mar, CA: Prometheus Nemesis.
• Kolb, D. (1981). Learning Style Inventory. Boston, MA: McBer and Company.
• Learning Styles and Strategies. Available: http://www.etln.org.uk/page33.html . (The Effective Teaching & Learning Network web site).
• Learning Styles Resource Page. Available: http://www.oswego.edu/~shindler/lstyle.htm (The State University of New York at Oswago web site)
• Learning Styles Explained. Available: http://www.ldpride.net/learningstyles.MI.htm
  #Learning%20Styles%20Explained (LD Online web site).
• Making Your Learning Style Work for You. Available: http://www.ldpride.net/learning_style_work.html (LD Online web site).

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Motivation

• Davis, B. (1991). Motivating Students. Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/motiv.htm (Honolulu Community College web site under Faculty Development Teaching Tips).
• Lieb, S. (1991) Principles of Adult Learning. Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/adults-2.htm Wlodkowski, R.J. (1999). Enhancing Adult Motivation to Learn. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
• Zinn, L. M. 1991. Identifying your philosophical orientation. In Adult Learning Methods, ed. M. W. Galbraith, pp. 39-77. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company
• The Reluctant Learner. Available: http://www.llcc.edu/teal/
  The%20Reluctant%20Learner.htm (Lincoln Land Community College TEAL Program web site)
• Goal Orientations of Low-Literacy Learners in Adult Basic Education: Some Issues for Adult Literacy Instruction. Available: http://literacy.kent.edu/cra/2001/
  goal_orient/link2.html (Ohio Literacy Resource Centre web site
• Learner Motivation. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/
  ~ncsall/fob/1998/blackb5.htm (Focus on Basics web site)
• General Principles of Motivation: Available: http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/
  intranet/committees/
  FacDevCom/guidebk/teachtip/motivate.htm (Honolulu Community College web site under Faculty Development Teaching Tips).

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Multicultural Diversity

• Salas, F. (2002). Effective Multiculturalism in the Adult Education Class:
  What changed on 9/11? Available:
  http://www-tcall.tamu.edu/newsletr/win02/win02c.htm(Texas Centre for Adult Literacy and Learning web site).
• Tiedt, P. & Tiedt, I. (2001). Multicultural Teaching: A Handbook of Activities, Information, and Resources. Pearson Education.
• Online Resources for Promoting Cultural Understanding in the Adult ESL Classroom. Available: http://www.cal.org/ncle/multicultures.htm (National Centre for ESL Literacy Education web site)
• Lessons about General Stereotypes. Available: http://www.ccsf.edu/Resources/
  Tolerance/lessons/gen.html (The Tolerance Project web site)
• Multicultural Pavilion: Resources and Dialogues for Equity in Education. Available: http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/ (The Multicultural Pavilion web site)
• Multicultural Education, Available: http://cie.ci.swt.edu/
  newteacher/section4-31.htm (Southwest Texas State University web site under “The New Teacher Project”).
• Appreciating Cultural Differences. Available: http://www.nald.ca/clr/demyst/
  chapter6.htm#Appreciating (NALD web site)
• Stronger Together: Recruiting And Working With Ethnocultural Volunteers. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/heritage/
  ComPartnE/Strongr1.htm#ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NALD web site)

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Multiple Intelligences

• Christison, M. & Kennedy, D. (1999). Multiple Intelligences: Theory and Practice in Adult ESL. ERIC Digest No. EDO-LE-99-07. Available: http://www.cal.org/ncle/digests/MI.htm
• Gardner, H. (1993a). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, 10th Anniversary Edition. New York: Basic Books.
• Gardner, H. (1993b). Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice. New York: Basic Books.
• Gardner, H. (2003). Multiple Intelligences after Twenty Years. Available: http://pzweb.harvard.edu/PIs/
  HG_MI_after_20_years.pdf
• Shelton, L. (d/unk). Multiple Intelligences for Adult Literacy and Adult Education. Available: http://literacyworks.org/mi/home.html (literacyworks.org web site)
• Grow, G. (1990). Writing and Multiple Intelligences: Available: http://www.longleaf.net/ggrow/7In/7IntelIndex.html (The web site of G. Grow).
• Silver, H., Strong, R. & Perini, M. (2000). So Each May Learn: Integrating Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences. Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development.
• Adult Multiple Intelligences. Available: http://gseweb.harvard.edu/
  ~ncsall/fob/1999/reader3a.htm (Focus on Basics web site)
• Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences. Available: http://www.support4learning.org.uk/
  education/lstyles.htm (the “Support 4 Learning” web site).
• Multiple Intelligences (H. Gardner) Available: http://tip.psychology.org/gardner.html (The “Theory into Practice” web site).

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Organizational Factors

• Renee-Ruis, S. (d/ukn). Resource Development for Small Non-Profits. Available: http://www2.austincc.edu/npo/downloads/
  Res%20Dev%204%20Smll%20NP%27s.pdf (Austin Community College Centre for Community Based and Non-profit Organizations web site).
• Selman, G. & Dampier, P. (1991). The Foundations of Adult Education in Canada. Toronto, Ontario: Thompson Educational Publishing.
• An Overview of Adult Literacy Funding and Delivery in Canada. Available: http://www.literacy.ca/litand/overview.htm (Movement for Canadian Literacy web site).
• Government Relations: Articles and Documents. Available: http://www.literacy.ca/govrel/articles.htm (Movement for Canadian Literacy web site).
• Policies and Procedures in Community Literacy Agencies: Available: http://www.nald.ca/PROVINCE/
  ONT/CLO/policies/policies.htm (Community Literacy of Ontario web site).
• Online Workshop on Board and Staff Relationships and Responsibilities. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/manual/cover.htm (NALD web site).
• Outcome Measurement for a Community Literacy Program. Available: http://www.plv.bc.ca/outcome/cover.htm (NALD web site).
• Adult Literacy: Policies, Programs and Practices, Lessons Learned. Available: http://www11.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/edd-pdf/alppp.pdf (Human Resources Development Canada web site).

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Participation

• Ball, C. (1996). Barriers to literacy. In Demystifying Adult Literacy for Volunteer Tutors. Available: http://www.nald.ca/clr/demyst/chapter4.htm
• Comings, J. P., Parrella, A., & Soricone, L. (1999). Persistence among adult basic education students in pre-GED classes. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/
  ~ncsall/research/report12.pdf (The National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy web site).
• Cross, P. (1981). Adults as Learners. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Hiemstra, R. (d/unk). The Theory of Margin. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/margin.html (Roger Hiemstra's web site).
• Kerka, S. (1986). Deterrents to Participation in Adult Education: Overview. Available: http://www.ericfacility.net/ericdigests/ed275889.html (ERIC Digests web site).
• Leis, A. (Nov. 1994). Ontario group identifies rural literacy barriers. Rural Adult Education Forum, 7(1). Available: http://www-personal.ksu.edu/~rcled/
  publications/literacy/ontario.html (Kansas State University web site).
• Nonparticipation in Literacy & Upgrading Programs: Results from a National Study. Available: http://www.abc-canada.org/our_publications/36.asp (ABC Canada web site)
• Howard McClusky: Power, Load, Margin. Available: http://ed.uwyo.edu/course/
  ADED5050/5050unit11/mcclusky.htm (University of Wyoming web site under “Course ADED 5050”).
• Adult Learners (K. P. Cross). Available: http://tip.psychology.org/cross.html (The Theory into Practice web site).

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Philosophical Orientations to Education

• Cooper , M. (1997). The Politics of Humanism: Defining Educational Philosophy and It's Role in Adult Educational Practice. Available: http://www.anrecs.msu.edu/research/cooper.htm (Paper presented at the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference in Adult, Continuing and Community Education, Michigan State University)
• Draper, J. (2001). Philosophies embedded in adult education. In Barer-Stein, T. & Kompf, M.). The Craft of Teaching Adults. Toronto, Ontario: Irwin Publishing.
• Hiemstra, R. (d/ukn). Learning Objectives Written from Different Philosophical Orientations. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/
  hiemstra/miscellaneous.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Hiemstra, R. & Brockett, R. (1994). From behaviourism to humanism. In H. Long & Associates, New ideas about self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center for Continuing Professional and Higher Education, University of Oklahoma.
• Werner, C. (d/unk). Adult Education Philosophies - What's That Got To Do With Teaching Adults? Available: http://www.llcc.edu/teal/Philosophies.htm (Lincoln Land Community College TEAL Program web site)
• Zinn, L. M. 1991. Identifying your philosophical orientation. In M. Galbraith (Ed.). Adult Learning Methods, Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. pp. 39-77.
• Characteristics and Needs of Adult Learners in Literacy Programs. Available: http://wilearns.state.wi.us/
  apps/Default.asp?cid=645 (The Wisconsin Literacy and Reading Network Source web site)
• Philosophies of Adult Education. Available: http://www.fsu.edu/~adult-ed/jenny/philosophy.html (Florida State University web site under Jenny Grills home page)
• Humanistic Orientations to Learning. Available: http://www.infed.org/biblio/learning-humanistic.htm (“infed.org” web site).

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Professional Development

• Garner, B. Staff Development. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/
  ~ncsall/fob/1998/forese7.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Herod, L. (2003). Promoting reflective discourse in the Canadian adult literacy community: Asynchronous discussion forums. New Horizons in Adult Education, 17(1). Available: http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html.
• Kennedy, L. (2002). Skills for the Future: Practitioner Training Strategy. Available: http://www.nald.ca/PROVINCE/ONT/
  CLO/pratrain/skills2/acknwldg.htm (NALD web site under Community Literacy Of Ontario
• King, J. Facilitating Inquiry-Based Staff Development. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/~ncsall/fob/1998/king.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Shanahan, T., Meehan, M. & Mogge, S. (1994). The Professionalization of the Teacher in Adult Literacy Education. NCAL Technical Report TR94-11. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Center for Literacy, Adult ESOL Curriculum Framework Resources.
• White, P. (1996). Varieties of Staff Development Activity. Available: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/
  Swearer_Center/Literacy_Resources/ark.html (Literacy Resources/Rhode Island web site).
• Wilson, B. & Corbett, D. (April 2001). Adult Basic Education and professional development: Strangers for too long. Available: http://www.gse.harvard.edu/
  ~ncsall/fob/2001/wilson.html. (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Online Professional Development for Adult ESL Educators. Available: http://www.cal.org/ncle/digests/pdQA.htm (NCLE web site).
• Professional Development Kit: Multimedia Resources for Adult Educators. Available: http://literacy.org/pdk/about_pdk.iphtml (NCAL web site).
• The New Teacher Project: Professional Development for Teachers New to Adult Education. Available: http://cie.ci.swt.edu/newteacher/default.html (College of Education, Southwest Texas State University web site).
• Professional Development Approaches. Available: http://www.calpro-online.org/pubs/Approach2.PDF (California Adult Literacy Professional Development Project web site).
• Professional Development Plan. Available: http://www.aelweb.vcu.edu/checkbox_pdpform.pdf (Virginia Adult Learning Resource Centre web site).

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Self-Directed Learning

• Brockett, R. & Hiemstra, R. (1990). Self-Direction in Adult Learning: Perspectives on Theory, Research, and Practice. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/
  hiemstra/sdlindex.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Brookfield, S. (1989). Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Hiemstra, R., & Brockett, R. (1994). From Behaviourism to Humanism: Incorporating Self-Direction in Learning Concepts into the Instructional Design Process . Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/
  hiemstra/sdlhuman.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Knowles, M. (1975) Self-Directed Learning: A Guide for Learners and Teachers, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall/Cambridge.
• Long, H. & Associates. (1994). New ideas about self-directed learning. Norman, OK: Oklahoma Research Center.
• Merriam, S. (2001). Andragogy and self-directed learning: Pillars of adult learning theory. In S. Merriam (Ed.), The New Update on Adult Learning Theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 2-13.
• Self-Directed Learning Papers and Resources. Available: http://home.twcny.rr.com/hiemstra/sdlinfo.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site

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Subject-based Curriculum

• Walter K. (d/unk). Theme Based GED Curricula. Available: http://adulted.about.com/library/
  weekly/aa041501a.htm (‘About.com” web site).
• Green, A. (1998). Project-based Learning and the GED. Available: http://gseweb.harvard.edu/~ncsall/
  fob/1998/anson.htm (“Focus on Basics” web site).
• Taylor, M. (d/ukn). Adult Basic Education. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/report4/
  rep31-35/rep32-02.htm (NALD web site).
• Adult Education Resource Guide and Learning Standards. Available: http://www.nald.ca/fulltext/hudson/adult_ed/cover.htm (NALD web site)
• GED Contacts in Canada. See http://www.acenet.edu/calec/
  ged/gedadmin3-A.cfm (Centre for Adult Learning and Educational Credentials web site).
• GED Prep at Free-Ed.Net. See http://www.free-ed.net/fr10/ (Free Education on the Internet web site)
• GED 2002 Teachers’ Lesson Bank. Available: http://www.floridatechnet.org/
  ged/LessonPlans/lessons.htm (Florida Atlantic University web site).

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Teaching Strategies

• Auerbach, E. R. (1992). How Do Participatory and Traditional Approaches to Educating Adults Differ? Available: http://adulteducation.smartlibrary.info/NewInterface/
  segment.cfm?segment=2696&table_of_contents=2005 (United States Department of Education web site under Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Smart Library on Adult Education)
• Barer-Stein, T. & Kompf, M. (2001). The Craft of Teaching Adults. Toronto, Ontario: Irwin Publishing
• Brown, O. (1996). Tips at Your Fingertips: Teaching Strategies for Adult Literacy Tutors. International Reading Association
• Gregory, G. & Chapman, C. (2001). Differentiated Instructional Strategies: One Size Doesn't Fit All. Corwin Press Inc.
• Grow, G. (1996). Teaching learners to be self-directed. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3), pp. 125-149. Available: http://www.longleaf.net/ggrow/
  SSDL/SSDLIndex.html#Contents
• Merriam, S. & Caffarella, R. (1991) Learning in Adulthood: A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Monts, R. (2000). Andragogy or Pedagogy: A Discussion of Instructional Methodology for Adult Learners. Available: http://www.coe.ilstu.edu/scienceed/
  jinks/ci538/papers/monts.htm (Illinois State College of Education web site).
• Orlich, D. (2000). Teaching Strategies: A Guide to Better Instruction. Houghton Mifflin Company College Division.
• Ornstein, A. & Lasley, T. (1999). Strategies for Effective Teaching. Toronto: McGraw-Hill.
• Piderit, G. and Quijano, L. What are the main techniques used in Adult Education? Available: http://fcis.oise.utoronto.ca/
  ~daniel_schugurensky/faqs/qa14.html (University of Toronto web site under Professor Schugurensky’s home page).
• Pratt, D. D. (Spring 1988). Andragogy as a Relational Construct. Adult Education Quarterly 38 (3), pp. 160-172.
• Renner, P. (1999) The Art of Teaching Adults. Vancouver: Training Associates.
• Shalaway, L. & Beech, L. (1998). Learning to Teach...Not Just for Beginners: The Essential Guide for All Teachers. Toronto: Scholastic Inc.
• Taylor, K., Marienau, C. and Fiddler, M. (2000). Developing Adult Learners: Strategies for Teachers and Trainers. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc.
• Vella, J. & Vella, J. K. ( 2000). Taking Learning to Task: Creative Strategies for Teaching Adults. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Vella, J. & Vella, J. K. ( 2002). Learning to Listen, Learning to Teach: The Power of Dialogue in Educating Adults. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
• Some Classroom Techniques Useful in Assessing Different Affective Domains. Available: The Educational Enterprise web site

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Theme-based Curriculum

• Dirkx, J. and Prenger, S. (1997). A Guide for Planning and Implementing Instruction for Adults: A Theme-Based Approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Hurley, S. & Blake, S. (d/ukn). Animals and Occupations: Why Theme-based Curricula Work. Available http://www.earlychildhood.com/Articles/index.cfm?
  FuseAction=Article&A=112&CFID=668614&CFTOKEN=16278881 (“earlychildhood.com” web site)
• Walter, K. (d/unk). Theme Based GED Curricula. Available: http://adulted.about.com/library/weekly/aa041501a.htm (“About.com” web site).
• Theme-based Learning. Available: http://www-tcall.tamu.edu/toolkit/CH03.HTM (Texas Centre for Adult Learning and Literacy web site).
• Using Learner Themes - http://cie.ci.swt.edu/newteacher/section3-17.htm (Texas State University web site under “The New Teacher Project”)

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Transformational Learning

• Brockett, R. (1994). Resistance to self-direction in adult learning: Myths and misunderstandings. In Brockett & Hiemstra (Eds.), Overcoming Resistance to Self-Direction in Adult Learning. Available: http://www-distance.syr.edu/ndacesdch1.html (Roger Hiemstra’s web site).
• Daloz, L. (1988). The story of Gladys who refused to grow: A morality tale for mentors. Lifelong Learning: An Omnibus of Practice and Research, 11(4), pp. 4-7.
• Grabove, V. (1997). The many facets of transformative learning theory and practice. In New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74, pp. 89-95.
• Imel, S. (1998). Transformative Learning in Adulthood. Available: http://www.ericfacility.net/
  ericdigests/ed423426.html (ERIC web site).
• Magro, K. (2002). Exploring Teaching Roles and Responsibilities in Adult Literacy Education: Do Teachers See Themselves as Transformative Educators? Available: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/CASAE/
  cnf2002/2002_Papers/magro2002w.pdf (Ontario Institute of Studies in Education CASAE 2002 web site).
• Mezirow, J. (1990). Fostering Critical Reflection in Adulthood. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative Dimensions of Adult Learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning:Theory to practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74, pp. 5-11.

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