There are, however, encouraging success stories such as that of the United Kingdom. (UK). Since 1997, the UK Government has invested unprecedented levels of resources to achieve fundamental change in ECD programs, although only after considerable political debate and controversy. According to Beverley Hughes, Minister of State (Children, Young People and Families) for the UK, the key to the government's success was the policy design based on the principle of progressive universalism. This principle is based upon the universal provision of ECD programs — to virtually all 4 year olds and about 96% of 3 year olds in the UK — within which there is a targeted focus on disadvantaged children.21

Canada needs to take ECD much more seriously. We need to provide political support for ECD initiatives that offer quality programs including family literacy programs. Adequate and sustained funding for such initiatives will be crucial if we are to achieve political and social goals such as reducing the proportion of the population in poverty, improving equity in literacy and income, enhancing upward mobility, reducing violence, and improving public health. Simultaneously, the long-term impact of ECD initiatives such as family literacy will translate into significant public and private economic benefits, with returns far exceeding the costs.


References

  1. Cellan Jay, Making the Connections: Family Literacy, Adult Literacy, and Early Childhood Development. A project prepared for the Ontario Literacy Coalition, April 2003.
  2. Here formal education refers to all stages of schooling from kindergarten to post-secondary institutions.
  3. James Heckman, “Policies to Foster Human Capital” Research in Economics, vol: 54, no: 1, 2000. www.jcpr.org/wpfiles/Wildavsky.pdf?CFID=2995218&CFTOKEN=72919214 (September 2006)
  4. James J. Heckman and Dimitriy V. Masterov, “The Productivity Argument for Investing in Young Children” Working Paper 5, Invest in Kids Working Group, Committee for Economic Development, October 4, 2004. jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/FILES/dugger_2004-12-02_dvm.pdf (September 2006)
  5. James Heckman, “Investing in Disadvantaged Young Children is an Economically Efficient Policy” presented at the Forum on Building the Economic Case for Investments in Preschool, New York, January 10, 2006. www.ced.org/docs/report/report_2006prek_heckman.pdf (September 2006)
  6. In Van der Gaag's framework, “human development” refers to the development of skills and abilities as used in employment and in other types of contributions to the economy — but at the scale of a nation.
  7. Jacques van der Gaag, “From Child Development to Human Development” The Consultative Group on Early Childhood Care and Development, 2003. www.ecdgroup.com/pdfs/van_der_gaag_paper_CHILDDEV-20_05_2003-18_13_22.pdf (September 2006)
  8. Fraser Mustard, “Early Child Development and Experience-based Brain Development: The Scientific Underpinnings of the Importance of Early Child Development in a Globalized World” The Brookings Institution, February 2006. www.brookings.edu/views/papers/200602mustard.pdf (September 2006)
  9. The Economist, “Balancing Act” Survey: Women and Work. July 16th 1998.
  10. The leadership displayed by RBC Executive Vice President Charlie Coffey in various ECD initiatives deserves to be mentioned in this context.
  11. Fraser Mustard, “Who knows how to build a future?” The Globe and Mail June 22, 2004. www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/ArticleNews/TPStory/LAC/20040622/COMUS22 (September 2006)
  12. Fraser Mustard, “Early Child Development and Experience-based Brain Development”
  13. Fraser Mustard, “Who knows how to build a future?”
  14. Ibid.
  15. www.children.gov.on.ca/CS/en/programs/BestStart/default.htm (September 2006)
  16. For more on the family literacy programming component of this strategy please see: Ontario Literacy Coalition, “The State of Family Literacy in Ontario: The Results of a Provincial Survey” Toronto, 2006.
  17. For more on Best Start please see the website of Ontario Ministry of Children and Youth Services: www.children.gov.on.ca/CS/en/programs/BestStart/default.htm (September 2006)
  18. Dickens, W.T., I. Sawhill and J. Tebbs, “The Effects of Investing in Early Education on Economic Growth” Brookings Working Paper, The Brookings Institution, 2006. www.brookings.edu/views/papers/200604dickenssawhill.pdf (September 2006)
  19. Ibid.
  20. A good example is the Even Start Program which aims to improve educational opportunities for children and their parents in lowincome areas by integrating early childhood education, adult education, and parenting education into “family literacy” programs. The current US administration has rated the program as 'ineffective.'
  21. Beverley Hughes, “Keynote Speech,” US - UK Early Years Conference the Grand Hyatt Hotel, New York, NY, January 10, 2006. www.ced.org/docs/trans_2006earlyedconf_hughes.pdf (September 2006).