Philippi (1988) has identified a number of such elements and strategies which are listed below.


Vocabulary

Recognize common words and meanings

Recognize task related words with technical meanings

Identify word meanings from sentence context

Recognize meanings of common abbreviations and acronyms

Recognizing cause and effect, predicting outcomes

Use common knowledge to avoid hazard or injury

Select appropriate course of action in an emergency

Locating information within a text

Use table of contents, index, appendices, glossary, subsystems to locate information

Locate page, title, paragraph, figure, or chart needed to answer questions or solve a problem

Use skimming or scanning to determine whether or not text contains relevant information

Cross reference within and across source materials to select information to perform routine activity

Use a completed form to locate information needed to complete a task activity

Comparing and contrasting

Combine information from multiple sources

Select parts of a text or visual materials to complete a task

Identify similarities and differences in objects

Interpret codes and symbols

Determine presence of a defect or extent of damage

Match objects by size, color, or significant marking

Classify objects by size, color, or significant marking

Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information in texts or visuals

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