Appendix

In the United States, the Workforce Investment Act of 1998, Title II: The Adult Education and Family Literacy Act (AEFLA), draws a direct connection between adult's oral language skills of speaking and listening, and their literacy skills of reading and writing. It emphasizes listening and reading relationships through its reference to instruction that includes "phonemic awareness," "systematic phonics," "fluency," and "reading comprehension." Following is a list of references on research on the listening and reading processes of adults for those who wish to cite research in their applications for program funding under the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act.

Hofstetter, R., Sticht, T., and Hofstetter, C. (1999). Knowledge, literacy and power. Communication Research, 26, 58-80.

Sticht, T., Hofstetter, R., and Hofstetter, C. (1996). Assessing adult literacy by telephone. Journal of Literacy Research, 28, 525-559.

Sticht, T. and Armstrong, W. (1994, February). Adult Literacy in the United States: A Compendium of Quantitative Data and Interpretive Comments. Washington, DC: National Institute for Literacy.

Sticht, T. & McDonald, B. (1992). Teaching adults to read. In: J. Samuels & A. Farstrup (Eds.) What Research Has to Say about Teaching Reading. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Sticht, T. and James, J. (1984). Listening and reading. In: P. Pearson (Ed.) Handbook of Research on Reading. New York: Longmans.

Sticht, T. (1984). Rate of comprehending by listening or reading. In: J. Flood (Ed.) Understanding Reading Comprehension. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Sticht, T. (1979). Applications of the AUDREAD model to reading evaluation and instruction. In: L. Resnick and P. Weaver (Eds.), Theory and Practice in Early Reading: Vol. 1, Hillsdale, N.J., Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates.

Sticht, T. (1978). The acquisition of literacy by children and adults. In: F. Murray and J. Pikulski (Eds.) The Acquisition of Reading. Baltimore, MD.: University Park Press.

Sticht, T., Beck, L., Hauke, R., Kleiman, G., and James, J. (1974).Auding and Reading: A Developmental Model. Alexandria, VA.: Human Resources Research Organization.

Sticht, T. (1972). Learning by listening. In: R. Freedle and J. Carroll (Eds.) Language Comprehension and the Acquisition of Knowledge. Washington D.C.: V.H. Winston & Sons.

Sticht T. and Gray, B. (1969). The intelligibility of time-compressed words as a function of age and hearing loss. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 12, 443-448.

Foulke, E. and Sticht, T. (1969). A review of research on the intelligibility and comprehension of accelerated speech. Psychological Bulletin, 72, 50-62.

Sticht, T.G. Some relationships of mental aptitude, reading, and listening using normal and time-compressed speech. Journal of Communication, 1968,18, 243-258.

Sticht, T.G. Comprehension of repeated time-compressed recordings. Journal of Experimental Education, 1969, 37, 60-62.

Sticht, T.G. Mental aptitude and comprehension of time-compressed and compressed- expanded listening selections. Journal of Auditory Research, 1970, 10, 103-109.

Sticht, T.G. and Glasnapp, D.R. Effects of speech rate, selection difficulty, association strength and mental aptitude on learning by listening. Journal of Communication, 1972, 22, 174-188.

For information on a workshop on listeing and reading processes of adults contact Dr. Tom Sticht, International Consultant in Adult Education, 2062 Valley View Blvd., El Cajon, CA 92019-2059, (619) 444-9133, email tsticht@aznet.net