²⁵ See articles by M. Wolfe and S. Hill in the September 1989 special issue of Information Update published by the Literacy Assistance Center, Inc. of New York city. For an earlier application of portfolio-type assessment applied to adult education see R. Nickse (1980). Assessing life-skills competence. Belmont, CA: Pitman Learning, Inc.

²⁶ S. Hill (1989, September). Alternative assessment strategies: Some suggestions for teachers. Information Update, 6, pp. 7,9.

²⁷ M. Dick (1989, September). From the editor. Information Update, 6, pp. 1-2.

²⁸ R. Morris, L. Strumpf & S. Curnan (1988, May). Using basic skills testing to improve the effectiveness of remediation in employment and training programs for youth. Washington, DC: National Commission for Employment Policy.

³⁰ T. Sticht (1985). Understanding readers and their uses of texts. In: T. Duffy & R. Waller (eds.), Designing usable texts. New York: Academic Press.

³¹ W. Grimes & W. Armstrong (unpublished, 1988-89). Test score data for the ABLE and CASAS survey of achievement tests. San Diego, CA: San Diego Community College District, Division of Continuing Education.

³² Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics) (1982, March). Profile of American youth. Washington, DC.

³³ B. Waters, J. Barnes, P. Foley, S. Steinhaus & D. Brown (1988, October). Estimating the reading skills of military applicants: Development of an ASVAB to RGL conversion table. Final Report 88-82 (HumRRO FR-PRD-88-82). Alexandria, VA: Human Resources Research Organization.

³⁴Kirsch, I., Jungeblut, A., Jenkins, L. & Kolstad, A. (1993, September). Adult Literacy in America: A First Look at the Results of the National Adult Literacy Survey. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office.

³⁵Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development & Statistics Canada. (1995). Literacy, Economy, and Society: Results of the First International Adult Literacy Survey. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development .

³⁶National Education Goals Panel (1992). The National Education Goals Report: Building a Nation of Learners. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, pp. 40-43.

³⁷Kolstad, A. (1996, April). The response probability convention embedded in reporting prose literacy levels from the 1992 National Adult Literacy Survey. New York: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association.

³⁸Bernstein, D., Roy, E., Srull, T & Wickens, C. (1988). Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

³⁹Sticht , T. (1990, January). Testing and Assessment in Adult Basic Education and English as a Second Language. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education, Adult Literacy Clearinghouse.

⁴⁰Haney, W. et. al. (1994, October). Calibrating scores on two tests of adult literacy: An equating study of the Test of Adult Literacy Skills (TALS) Document Test and the Comprehensive Adult Student Assessment System (CASAS) GAIN Appraisal Reading Test (Form 2). Chestnut Hill, MA: Boston College.